ArrayList 源码精读(JDK 8 中文注释版)

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使用建议:

  • JDK 8 是面试和生产代码中最常见的版本,推荐重点精读本页。
  • 可以重点关注:
    • 底层 Object[] 的初始化与扩容逻辑;
    • add/remove 等改动 size 的方法如何维护 modCount
    • 迭代器与 subList 的实现细节。
/*
 * 本文件基于 JDK 8 的 ArrayList 源码,加入中文注释,方便理解其实现原理。
 * 代码结构与官方源码保持一致,仅在关键位置补充中文说明。
 */

package java.util;

import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.function.UnaryOperator;
import sun.misc.SharedSecrets;

/**
 * ArrayList:基于可扩容数组实现的 List。
 *
 * 主要特性(同 JDK7,总结一下):
 * 1)底层是 Object[] 顺序存储,随机访问快(get/set O(1))。
 * 2)支持动态扩容,默认容量 10,扩容因子约 1.5 倍。
 * 3)非线程安全,多线程下需外部同步或使用 Collections.synchronizedList 包装。
 * 4)迭代器 / Spliterator 均为 fail-fast,通过 modCount 检测并发修改。
 *
 * JDK8 关键变化:
 * - 新增 DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA,用于区分“无参构造的默认空数组”和“容量为 0 的显式空数组”;
 * - 引入 Lambda 相关 API:forEach、removeIf、replaceAll、sort、spliterator 等,并结合 modCount 做 fail-fast。
 */

public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
    // 序列化版本号
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;

    /**
     * 默认初始容量:10
     */
    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;

    /**
     * 共享空数组:用于“容量为 0 的 ArrayList”(例如 new ArrayList(0) 或从空集合构造)。
     */
    private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

    /**
     * 默认空数组:用于“无参构造”的 ArrayList。
     * 与 EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA 区分开来,方便首次添加元素时扩容到 DEFAULT_CAPACITY。
     *
     * 区别:
     * - EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA:语义上“容量为 0 的数组”,以后是否扩容,由用户后续操作决定;
     * - DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA:语义上“尚未分配真实容量的默认空表”,首次 add 时默认扩到 10。
     */
    private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

    /**
     * 存储元素的真实数组。
     * - 容量 = elementData.length
     * - 当 elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA 时,首次添加元素会扩到 DEFAULT_CAPACITY
     *
     * 非 private 是为了嵌套类(如 SubList、Spliterator)访问更方便。
     */
    transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access

    /**
     * 实际元素个数(逻辑大小)
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private int size;

    /**
     * 构造方法一:指定初始容量。
     *
     * 逻辑:
     * - initialCapacity > 0:直接分配对应长度的数组;
     * - initialCapacity == 0:使用 EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
     * - initialCapacity < 0:抛出 IllegalArgumentException。
     */
    public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
        if (initialCapacity > 0) {
            this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
        } else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
            this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: " +
                                               initialCapacity);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 构造方法二:无参构造,延迟到第一次 add 时再扩容到 DEFAULT_CAPACITY。
     *
     * 与 JDK7 区别:这里使用 DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA,而不是直接使用 shared 空数组。
     */
    public ArrayList() {
        this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }

    /**
     * 构造方法三:使用指定集合 c 的所有元素来初始化列表。
     *
     * 注意:
     * - 若 c.size() > 0 且 c 本身是 ArrayList,则直接复用其底层数组(浅拷贝);
     * - 若 c.size() == 0,则使用 EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA。
     */
    public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        if ((size = a.length) != 0) {
            if (c.getClass() == ArrayList.class) {
                elementData = a;
            } else {
                elementData = Arrays.copyOf(a, size, Object[].class);
            }
        } else {
            // replace with empty array.
            elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        }
    }

    /**
     * 将当前容量裁剪为 size,释放多余空间。
     *
     * 当 size == 0 时,直接使用共享空数组 EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA。
     */
    public void trimToSize() {
        modCount++;
        if (size < elementData.length) {
            elementData = (size == 0)
              ? EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
              : Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 手动“预热容量”,确保至少能容纳 minCapacity 个元素。
     *
     * 逻辑与 JDK7 类似:引入 minExpand,区分“默认空表”和“已经分配过容量”的场景。
     */
    public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        int minExpand = (elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
            // 若已经不是“默认空表”,则只要 minCapacity > 0 都可以考虑扩容
            ? 0
            // 若还是默认空表,则只有当 minCapacity > 默认容量 10 时才会在这里立刻扩容
            : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;

        if (minCapacity > minExpand) {
            ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 计算期望的“最低容量”:
     * - 若当前是默认空表 DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA,则至少要分配 DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
     * - 否则直接返回调用方指定的 minCapacity。
     */
    private static int calculateCapacity(Object[] elementData, int minCapacity) {
        if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
            return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
        }
        return minCapacity;
    }

    /**
     * 内部统一入口,所有 add / addAll 最终会走到这里。
     */
    private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
        ensureExplicitCapacity(calculateCapacity(elementData, minCapacity));
    }

    /**
     * 真正进行“结构性修改计数 + 检查 + 扩容”的方法。
     *
     * - modCount++:记录结构性修改次数,供迭代器 / Spliterator 做 fail-fast 检测;
     * - 若 minCapacity 超过当前数组长度,则调用 grow 执行扩容。
     */
    private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        modCount++;

        // 防溢出写法:minCapacity - elementData.length > 0 等价于 minCapacity > elementData.length
        if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
            grow(minCapacity);
    }

    /**
     * 能够分配的最大数组长度(留出部分“头信息”空间)。
     */
    private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;

    /**
     * 扩容核心逻辑:
     * - 以 1.5 倍(old + old >> 1)为基础;
     * - 若仍小于 minCapacity,则直接使用 minCapacity;
     * - 若超过 MAX_ARRAY_SIZE,则交由 hugeCapacity 处理。
     */
    private void grow(int minCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1); // 1.5 倍
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minCapacity;
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
            newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
        // 通常 minCapacity 与 size 接近,这样扩容能减少次数、提高性能
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
    }

    /**
     * 处理极端情况:需要的容量非常接近/超过 int 最大值。
     */
    private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
            throw new OutOfMemoryError();
        return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
            Integer.MAX_VALUE :
            MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
    }

    // ====================== 基本查询操作 ======================

    public int size() {
        return size;
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size == 0;
    }

    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        return indexOf(o) >= 0;
    }

    /**
     * 从前往后线性查找第一次出现的位置。
     * 为支持 null,分为 o == null 和 o != null 两种情况。
     */
    public int indexOf(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                if (elementData[i]==null)
                    return i;
        } else {
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
                    return i;
        }
        return -1;
    }

    /**
     * 从后往前线性查找最后一次出现的位置。
     */
    public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
                if (elementData[i]==null)
                    return i;
        } else {
            for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
                if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
                    return i;
        }
        return -1;
    }

    /**
     * clone:浅拷贝,只复制数组本身与结构信息,不复制元素对象本身。
     */
    public Object clone() {
        try {
            ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone();
            v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
            v.modCount = 0;
            return v;
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            // 理论上不会发生,因为实现了 Cloneable
            throw new InternalError(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 返回一个“刚好装下所有元素”的 Object[] 副本。
     * 不会暴露内部 elementData,防止外部修改破坏封装。
     */
    public Object[] toArray() {
        return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
    }

    /**
     * 泛型版本 toArray(T[] a),遵循 Collection 接口规范。
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
        if (a.length < size)
            // 创建一个与 a 运行时类型相同、长度为 size 的新数组
            return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass());
        System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size);
        if (a.length > size)
            a[size] = null;
        return a;
    }

    // ====================== 按索引访问/修改 ======================

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    E elementData(int index) {
        return (E) elementData[index];
    }

    public E get(int index) {
        rangeCheck(index);
        return elementData(index);
    }

    public E set(int index, E element) {
        rangeCheck(index);
        E oldValue = elementData(index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        return oldValue;
    }

    /**
     * 尾插 add(e),均摊 O(1)。
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        elementData[size++] = e;
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * 在指定位置插入元素,后移 index 及其之后的所有元素。
     */
    public void add(int index, E element) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);

        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
                         size - index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        size++;
    }

    /**
     * 删除指定下标的元素,时间复杂度 O(n - index)。
     */
    public E remove(int index) {
        rangeCheck(index);

        modCount++;
        E oldValue = elementData(index);

        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; // 置空,方便 GC

        return oldValue;
    }

    /**
     * 删除第一次出现的指定元素,成功返回 true。
     */
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                if (elementData[index] == null) {
                    fastRemove(index);
                    return true;
                }
        } else {
            for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
                    fastRemove(index);
                    return true;
                }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /*
     * 无返回值的快速删除实现,调用方已保证 index 合法。
     */
    private void fastRemove(int index) {
        modCount++;
        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null;
    }

    /**
     * clear:清空列表,置空所有引用,方便 GC。
     */
    public void clear() {
        modCount++;

        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
            elementData[i] = null;

        size = 0;
    }

    /**
     * 将集合 c 中所有元素追加到当前列表末尾。
     */
    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        int numNew = a.length;
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount
        System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
        size += numNew;
        return numNew != 0;
    }

    /**
     * 从指定下标 index 开始插入集合 c 中所有元素。
     */
    public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);

        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        int numNew = a.length;
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount

        int numMoved = size - index;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
                             numMoved);

        System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
        size += numNew;
        return numNew != 0;
    }

    /**
     * 删除 [fromIndex, toIndex) 区间的一段元素。
     * 一般通过 subList().clear() 间接使用。
     */
    protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
        modCount++;
        int numMoved = size - toIndex;
        System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex,
                         numMoved);

        int newSize = size - (toIndex-fromIndex);
        for (int i = newSize; i < size; i++) {
            elementData[i] = null;
        }
        size = newSize;
    }

    // ====================== 下标检查与异常信息 ======================

    private void rangeCheck(int index) {
        if (index >= size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
    }

    private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
        if (index > size || index < 0)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
    }

    private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
        return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size;
    }

    // ====================== 批量删除 / 保留 ======================

    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(c);
        return batchRemove(c, false);
    }

    public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(c);
        return batchRemove(c, true);
    }

    /**
     * 批量删除核心实现:使用读写指针 r/w 在同一数组上原地过滤。
     *
     * complement = false:删除在 c 中的元素;
     * complement = true :保留在 c 中的元素(即 retainAll)。
     */
    private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
        final Object[] elementData = this.elementData;
        int r = 0, w = 0;
        boolean modified = false;
        try {
            for (; r < size; r++)
                if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement)
                    elementData[w++] = elementData[r];
        } finally {
            if (r != size) {
                System.arraycopy(elementData, r,
                                 elementData, w,
                                 size - r);
                w += size - r;
            }
            if (w != size) {
                for (int i = w; i < size; i++)
                    elementData[i] = null;
                modCount += size - w;
                size = w;
                modified = true;
            }
        }
        return modified;
    }

    // ====================== 自定义序列化 ======================

    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
        throws java.io.IOException{
        int expectedModCount = modCount;
        s.defaultWriteObject();

        // 为兼容 clone 的行为,这里写出 size 作为容量
        s.writeInt(size);

        for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
            s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
        }

        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;

        s.defaultReadObject();

        s.readInt(); // capacity,JDK8 中同样忽略

        if (size > 0) {
            int capacity = calculateCapacity(elementData, size);
            SharedSecrets.getJavaOISAccess().checkArray(s, Object[].class, capacity);
            ensureCapacityInternal(size);

            Object[] a = elementData;
            for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
                a[i] = s.readObject();
            }
        }
    }

    // ====================== 迭代器 ======================

    public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index > size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index);
        return new ListItr(index);
    }

    public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
        return new ListItr(0);
    }

    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new Itr();
    }

    /**
     * Itr:单向迭代器,基于下标游标 cursor 实现。
     *
     * expectedModCount 用于 fail-fast 检测:若与外部的 modCount 不一致,则抛出 ConcurrentModificationException。
     */
    private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
        int cursor;       // 下一个要返回元素的索引
        int lastRet = -1; // 上次返回的索引,未返回过则为 -1
        int expectedModCount = modCount;

        Itr() {}

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return cursor != size;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public E next() {
            checkForComodification();
            int i = cursor;
            if (i >= size)
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
            if (i >= elementData.length)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            cursor = i + 1;
            return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
        }

        public void remove() {
            if (lastRet < 0)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet);
                cursor = lastRet;
                lastRet = -1;
                expectedModCount = modCount;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

        /**
         * JDK8 新增:forEachRemaining,结合 Lambda 一次性消费剩余元素。
         */
        @Override
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(consumer);
            final int size = ArrayList.this.size;
            int i = cursor;
            if (i >= size) {
                return;
            }
            final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
            if (i >= elementData.length) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
            while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) {
                consumer.accept((E) elementData[i++]);
            }
            // 循环结束后统一更新 cursor 和 lastRet,减少写次数
            cursor = i;
            lastRet = i - 1;
            checkForComodification();
        }

        final void checkForComodification() {
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    /**
     * ListItr:双向迭代器,在 Itr 的基础上扩展 previous / set / add 能力。
     */
    private class ListItr extends Itr implements ListIterator<E> {
        ListItr(int index) {
            super();
            cursor = index;
        }

        public boolean hasPrevious() {
            return cursor != 0;
        }

        public int nextIndex() {
            return cursor;
        }

        public int previousIndex() {
            return cursor - 1;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public E previous() {
            checkForComodification();
            int i = cursor - 1;
            if (i < 0)
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
            if (i >= elementData.length)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            cursor = i;
            return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
        }

        public void set(E e) {
            if (lastRet < 0)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                ArrayList.this.set(lastRet, e);
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

        public void add(E e) {
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                int i = cursor;
                ArrayList.this.add(i, e);
                cursor = i + 1;
                lastRet = -1;
                expectedModCount = modCount;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }
    }

    // ====================== subList 视图 ======================

    public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
        subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
        return new SubList(this, 0, fromIndex, toIndex);
    }

    static void subListRangeCheck(int fromIndex, int toIndex, int size) {
        if (fromIndex < 0)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("fromIndex = " + fromIndex);
        if (toIndex > size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("toIndex = " + toIndex);
        if (fromIndex > toIndex)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex +
                                               ") > toIndex(" + toIndex + ")");
    }

    /**
     * SubList:对原列表的一个“窗口视图”,共享同一底层数组。
     */
    private class SubList extends AbstractList<E> implements RandomAccess {
        private final AbstractList<E> parent;
        private final int parentOffset;
        private final int offset;
        int size;

        SubList(AbstractList<E> parent,
                int offset, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            this.parent = parent;
            this.parentOffset = fromIndex;
            this.offset = offset + fromIndex;
            this.size = toIndex - fromIndex;
            this.modCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
        }

        public E set(int index, E e) {
            rangeCheck(index);
            checkForComodification();
            E oldValue = ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index);
            ArrayList.this.elementData[offset + index] = e;
            return oldValue;
        }

        public E get(int index) {
            rangeCheck(index);
            checkForComodification();
            return ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index);
        }

        public int size() {
            checkForComodification();
            return this.size;
        }

        public void add(int index, E e) {
            rangeCheckForAdd(index);
            checkForComodification();
            parent.add(parentOffset + index, e);
            this.modCount = parent.modCount;
            this.size++;
        }

        public E remove(int index) {
            rangeCheck(index);
            checkForComodification();
            E result = parent.remove(parentOffset + index);
            this.modCount = parent.modCount;
            this.size--;
            return result;
        }

        protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            checkForComodification();
            parent.removeRange(parentOffset + fromIndex,
                               parentOffset + toIndex);
            this.modCount = parent.modCount;
            this.size -= toIndex - fromIndex;
        }

        public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
            return addAll(this.size, c);
        }

        public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
            rangeCheckForAdd(index);
            int cSize = c.size();
            if (cSize==0)
                return false;

            checkForComodification();
            parent.addAll(parentOffset + index, c);
            this.modCount = parent.modCount;
            this.size += cSize;
            return true;
        }

        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
            return listIterator();
        }

        public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
            checkForComodification();
            rangeCheckForAdd(index);
            final int offset = this.offset;

            return new ListIterator<E>() {
                int cursor = index;
                int lastRet = -1;
                int expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;

                public boolean hasNext() {
                    return cursor != SubList.this.size;
                }

                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                public E next() {
                    checkForComodification();
                    int i = cursor;
                    if (i >= SubList.this.size)
                        throw new NoSuchElementException();
                    Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
                    if (offset + i >= elementData.length)
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    cursor = i + 1;
                    return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)];
                }

                public boolean hasPrevious() {
                    return cursor != 0;
                }

                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                public E previous() {
                    checkForComodification();
                    int i = cursor - 1;
                    if (i < 0)
                        throw new NoSuchElementException();
                    Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
                    if (offset + i >= elementData.length)
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    cursor = i;
                    return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)];
                }

                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {
                    Objects.requireNonNull(consumer);
                    final int size = SubList.this.size;
                    int i = cursor;
                    if (i >= size) {
                        return;
                    }
                    final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
                    if (offset + i >= elementData.length) {
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    }
                    while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) {
                        consumer.accept((E) elementData[offset + (i++)]);
                    }
                    lastRet = cursor = i;
                    checkForComodification();
                }

                public int nextIndex() {
                    return cursor;
                }

                public int previousIndex() {
                    return cursor - 1;
                }

                public void remove() {
                    if (lastRet < 0)
                        throw new IllegalStateException();
                    checkForComodification();

                    try {
                        SubList.this.remove(lastRet);
                        cursor = lastRet;
                        lastRet = -1;
                        expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
                    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    }
                }

                public void set(E e) {
                    if (lastRet < 0)
                        throw new IllegalStateException();
                    checkForComodification();

                    try {
                        ArrayList.this.set(offset + lastRet, e);
                    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    }
                }

                public void add(E e) {
                    checkForComodification();

                    try {
                        int i = cursor;
                        SubList.this.add(i, e);
                        cursor = i + 1;
                        lastRet = -1;
                        expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
                    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    }
                }

                final void checkForComodification() {
                    if (expectedModCount != ArrayList.this.modCount)
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                }
            };
        }

        public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
            return new SubList(this, offset, fromIndex, toIndex);
        }

        private void rangeCheck(int index) {
            if (index < 0 || index >= this.size)
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
        }

        private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
            if (index < 0 || index > this.size)
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
        }

        private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
            return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+this.size;
        }

        private void checkForComodification() {
            if (ArrayList.this.modCount != this.modCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }

        /**
         * 为 SubList 提供 Spliterator,实现流式遍历时的分割和 fail-fast 检测。
         */
        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            checkForComodification();
            return new ArrayListSpliterator<E>(ArrayList.this, offset,
                                               offset + this.size, this.modCount);
        }
    }

    // ====================== JDK8 Lambda 相关增强方法 ======================

    @Override
    public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(action);
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        final E[] elementData = (E[]) this.elementData;
        final int size = this.size;
        for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
            action.accept(elementData[i]);
        }
        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(filter);
        // 第一轮:找出需要删除的元素索引(使用 BitSet 标记),此阶段抛异常不会改变集合
        int removeCount = 0;
        final BitSet removeSet = new BitSet(size);
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        final int size = this.size;
        for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            final E element = (E) elementData[i];
            if (filter.test(element)) {
                removeSet.set(i);
                removeCount++;
            }
        }
        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }

        // 第二轮:将保留的元素向左压缩覆盖被删除的位置
        final boolean anyToRemove = removeCount > 0;
        if (anyToRemove) {
            final int newSize = size - removeCount;
            for (int i=0, j=0; (i < size) && (j < newSize); i++, j++) {
                i = removeSet.nextClearBit(i);
                elementData[j] = elementData[i];
            }
            for (int k=newSize; k < size; k++) {
                elementData[k] = null;  // 帮助 GC
            }
            this.size = newSize;
            if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
            modCount++;
        }

        return anyToRemove;
    }

    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(operator);
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        final int size = this.size;
        for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
            elementData[i] = operator.apply((E) elementData[i]);
        }
        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
        modCount++;
    }

    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        Arrays.sort((E[]) elementData, 0, size, c);
        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
        modCount++;
    }

    // ====================== Spliterator 实现 ======================

    @Override
    public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
        return new ArrayListSpliterator<>(this, 0, -1, 0);
    }

    /**
     * 基于下标的延迟绑定 Spliterator,实现流式遍历时的拆分与 fail-fast。
     */
    static final class ArrayListSpliterator<E> implements Spliterator<E> {

        private final ArrayList<E> list;
        private int index; // 当前遍历位置
        private int fence; // -1 表示尚未初始化;初始化后为“最后一个元素下标 + 1”
        private int expectedModCount; // 记录创建时的 modCount,用于 fail-fast

        ArrayListSpliterator(ArrayList<E> list, int origin, int fence,
                             int expectedModCount) {
            this.list = list;
            this.index = origin;
            this.fence = fence;
            this.expectedModCount = expectedModCount;
        }

        /**
         * 延迟初始化 fence 和 expectedModCount,提高精确性。
         */
        private int getFence() {
            int hi;
            ArrayList<E> lst;
            if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
                if ((lst = list) == null)
                    hi = fence = 0;
                else {
                    expectedModCount = lst.modCount;
                    hi = fence = lst.size;
                }
            }
            return hi;
        }

        public ArrayListSpliterator<E> trySplit() {
            int hi = getFence(), lo = index, mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
            return (lo >= mid) ? null : // 范围太小时不再拆分
                new ArrayListSpliterator<E>(list, lo, index = mid,
                                            expectedModCount);
        }

        public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            int hi = getFence(), i = index;
            if (i < hi) {
                index = i + 1;
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E)list.elementData[i];
                action.accept(e);
                if (list.modCount != expectedModCount)
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            int i, hi, mc;
            ArrayList<E> lst; Object[] a;
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            if ((lst = list) != null && (a = lst.elementData) != null) {
                if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
                    mc = lst.modCount;
                    hi = lst.size;
                }
                else
                    mc = expectedModCount;
                if ((i = index) >= 0 && (index = hi) <= a.length) {
                    for (; i < hi; ++i) {
                        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) a[i];
                        action.accept(e);
                    }
                    if (lst.modCount == mc)
                        return;
                }
            }
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }

        public long estimateSize() {
            return (long) (getFence() - index);
        }

        public int characteristics() {
            return Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.SIZED | Spliterator.SUBSIZED;
        }
    }
}